Urbanization and Growth

Michael Spence, Patricia Clarke Annez, Robert M. Buckley

World Bank Publications, 26 nov. 2008 - 288 pages

Why is productivity higher in cities? Does urbanization cause growth or does growth cause urbanization? Do countries achieve rapid growth or high incomes without urbanization? How can policy makers reap the benefits of urbanization without paying too high a cost? Does supporting urbanization imply neglecting rural areas? Why do so few governments welcome urbanization? What should governments do to improve housing conditions in cities as they urbanize? Are innovations in housing finance a blessing or a curse for developing countries? How will governments finance the trillions of dollars of infrastructure spending needed for cities in developing countries? First in a series of thematic volumes, this book was prepared for the Commission on Growth and Development to evaluate the state of knowledge of the relationship between urbanization and economic growth. It does not pretend to provide all the answers, but it does identify insights and policy levers to help countries make urbanization work as part of a national growth strategy. It examines a variety of topics: the relevance and policy implications of recent advances in urban economics for developing countries, the role of economic geography in global economic trends and trade patterns, the impacts of urbanization on spatial inequality within countries, and alternative approaches to financing the substantial infrastructure investments required in developing-country cities. Written by prominent academics in their fields, Urbanization and Growth seeks to create a better understanding of the role of urbanization in growth and to inform policy makers tackling the formidable challenges it poses.

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Table des matières

Setting the Context	1

Figure 11 Urbanization and Per Capita GDP across Countries 2000 1996 dollars	3

Figure 12 Urbanization and Per Capita GDP in the United States 18802006	4

Figure 13 Urbanization and Per Capita GDP in China 19602004	5

Figure 16 Urbanization and Per Capita GDP in Brazil 19602003	6

Figure 17 Urbanization and Per Capita GDP in Kenya 19602003	7

Figure 18 Urban and Rural Poverty Headcount in East Asia 19932002	9

Box 11 The Role of Finance in Cleaning Up Britains Killer Cities in the 19th Century	10

Figure 35 HarrisTodaro Migrations	92

Figure 36 Dual Housing Sector	95

Figure 37 Learning in Cities	97

Figure 38 Growth in Cities	101

4 Urbanization Agglomeration and Economic Development	115

Theories Facts and Policies	133

The Importance of the Informal Economy	167

Table 61 GNP Per Capita and Informal Employment by City Development Index 1998	168

Figure 112 Growth Rates in Agriculture Manufacturing and Service Sectors in Selected HighGrowth Economies	12

Figure 113 Income Advantages of Coastal Metropolitan Regions in China 2000	17

Table 11 Percentage of Annual Urban Population Growth Attributable to Internal Migration by Region	21

Box 12 How Baron Haussman Financed the Modernization of Paris	29

1976 1986 1996 and 2007	33

1976 1986 1996 and 2007	35

Figure A21 Urbanization and Per Capita GDP across Countries 19602000 1996 Dollars	37

Figure A31 Poverty Headcount in Latin America and the Caribbean 19932002	39

Figure A35 Poverty Headcount in Europe and Central Asia 19932002	40

An Economic Geography Lens	47

Figure 21 GDP Per Capita and Foreign Market Access	53

Figure 22 Changes in World Income Distribution	56

3 Are Cities Engines of Growth and Prosperity for Developing Countries?	67

Figure 31 Baseline Case for Typical City	71

Figure 32 Welfare Analysis	76

Figure 33 Primate Cities Favoritism	87

Figure 34 Internal Market Access	89

Table 62 Rates of Owner Occupancy Unauthorized Housing and Squatter Housing by Country Income Group 1990	169

Issues Raised and Lessons Learned	197

Figure 71 Ratio of Mortgage Debt Outstanding to GDP	203

Figure 72 Subprime Mortgage Originations Annual Volume and Percent of Total	205

Table 71 Subprime Loans Originated for Home Purchase	206

Table 72 Home Sales Total and Attributable to Subprime Loans	207

Table 73A Owner Occupancy Rates	208

Table 73B Computing Home Purchases	209

Figure 73 All Loans Past Due as Percentage of Category Total Outstanding	210

Figure 74 Foreclosures Started during Quarter as Percent of Category Total Outstanding	211

Figure 75 Loans in Foreclosure as Percent of Category Total Outstanding	212

Figure 76 Subprime Delinquency Rate 60+ Days by Age and Year of Origination	213

Figure 77 The OFHEO House Price Index Quarterly Changes at Annual Rates	214

Figure 78 NonMortgage AssetBacked Securities Outstanding	219

Figure 79 Securitization Rates for Mortgage Categories	220

Index	237

Droits d'auteur

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Urbanization and Growth
Michael Spence,Patricia Clarke Annez,Robert M. Buckley
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Expressions et termes fréquents

Africa agglomeration economies areas Bear Stearns benefits borrowers capita GDP China cities in developing concentration cost of living developing countries Duranton Economic Geography economic growth efficiency empirical equilibrium evidence expansion curve externalities factors figure finance firms fiscal formal sector Glaeser higher households housing policy human capital important income inequality increasing returns industries informal sector infrastructure innovation institutions International investment investors Journal of Economic Journal of Urban Krugman labor mobility labor supply curve land living curve manufacturing market failures ment migration mortgage lending nomic percent political primate city productivity programs Puga rates redistribution reduce Regional and Urban regional inequality Regional Science Research returns to scale rural securitization spatial inequality squatter settlements subprime lending subprime loans subprime mortgage subsidies Thisse tion trade tranche UN-HABITAT Urban Economics urban inequality urban population urban primacy Venables Vernon Henderson wage curve workers World Bank

Informations bibliographiques

Titre	Urbanization and Growth World Bank e-Library
Rédacteurs	Michael Spence, Patricia Clarke Annez, Robert M. Buckley
Éditeur	World Bank Publications, 2008
ISBN	0821375741, 9780821375747
Longueur	288 pages

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